est-ce que.. ?

'Est-ce que... ?', literally 'Is it that...?'

Translater..

http://www.freetranslation.com

12-1 Indeirect object pronouns

Expresses: to whom or for whom an action is done

ex: the indirect object answers this question: To whom does Gisèle speak? À qui parle Gisèle?
Gisèle parle à sa mère. Gisèle speaks to her mother.

me
te
lui

nous
vous
leur

Indirect object pronouns replace indirect object nouns.
... and know to understand that...

• ex: Gisèle parle à sa mère. > Gisèle lui parle.
• Gisèle speaks to her mother. > Gisèle speaks to her.
• J'envoie de cadeaux à mes nièces. > Je leur envoie des cadeaux
• I send gifts to my nieces > I send them gifts.

The indirect object pronoun usually precedes the conjugated verb.

• ex: Antoine, je te parle. Antoine, I'm speaking to you
• *a way to restate it maybe.. Antoine, I -to you- am speaking or think about recognizing the pronoun form and be able to skip it almost and put it in the end..
• Notre père nous a envoyè un poème. Our father sent us a poem.

To make negative

• place the indirect object pronoun between ne and the conjugated verb
• ne - indirect object proundoun - conjugated verb.
  
• ex: Antoine, je ne te parle. Antoine, I'm not speaking to you
• 
  

10 Roman Photo -When is your birthday?

C'est quand, ton anniversaire?

10 -Roman Phota -Yum!

Miam! :)

ex:
Des crêpes... Miam! Crepes?! Yum!

8- Attention!

To read prices in French;

• say the number of euros (euros)
  
• followed by the number of cents (centimes).
• *French decimals are marked with a comma, not a period.
• 8,10 € = huit euros dix (centimes)

vocabulaire;

apporter l'addition
coûter
Combien coûte(nt)...?

une baguette
le beurre
des frites (f.)
un fromage
le jambon
un pain (de compagne)
...

Unité 4, Leçon 8

Unité 4, Leçon 8

-Going to a café
-Nasal vowels

-L'heure de déjeuner
-Café culture

-The verbs prendre and boire
-Partitives
-Synthèse
-Projet

7-2 Interrogative words -bullet points

quand? and à quelle heure?

• are not interchangeable,
  
• even though they can both be translated into when?
• quand is used to talk about a day or a date
• p120
  
• à quelle heure is used to talk about a particular time of day

Another way to formulate a question;

• With most interrogative words you can place them after the verb/at the end of the sentence to form a question.
• Tu t'appelles comment? What's your name?
  
• Tu habites où? Where do you live?
  
• This formulation is very informal but very common.

Note;

• qoui? (when?) must immediately follow a preposition in order to be used with est-ce que or inversion.
• À quoi pensez-vous? What are you thinking?
  
• De quoi est-ce qu'il parle? What is he talking about?
  
• If no preposition is necessary, place quoi after the verb.
• Elle étudie quoi? What does she study?
  
• Tu regardes quoi? What are you looking at?

pourquoi and parce que/qu';

• To answer a pouquoi question, use parce que/qu' (because)
• Pourquoi habites-tu la banlieue? Why do you live in the suburbs?
  
• Parce que je n'aime pas le centre-ville. Because I don't like downtown.

Impolite or improper to...

• use Quoi? to indicating that you do not understand something/the thing that is bing said.
• Use Comment? or Pardon? instead

Note;

• When qui? (who(m)) is used as a subject, the verb that follows is always singular.
  
• Qui fréquente le café? Who goes to the café?

Quel(le)(s);

• Agrees in gender and number with the noun it modifies
• quel -masc. sing.
  
• hôpital? Which hospital?
  
• quelle -fem. sing.
  
• place? Which public square?
  
• quels -masc. plur.
  
• restaurants? Which restaurants?
  
• quelles -fem. plur.
  
• montagnes? Which mountains?

• Can be placed before a form of the verb être.
• Quels problèmes as-tu? What problems do you have?
  
• -v-
• Quels sont tes problèmes? What are you problems?
  

7-2 Interrogative words

* In Leçon 3 you learned 4 ways to formulate yes or no questions. But many questions seek more then a yes or no answer.

Interrogative words;

à quelle heure? at what time?
combien (de)? how much?;how many?
comment? how?;what?
où? where?
pourquoi? why?
quand? when?
que/qu'...? what?
quel(le)(s)? which?;what?
à qui? to who(m)?
avec qui? with who(m)?
pour qui? for who(m)?
quoi? what?

*Use these words with est-ce que or inversion.

7-1 The preposition à

Remember;

• the contractions of à with le and les
  

The prepostion à

• translated various ways: to, in, at
• It often indicates a physical location. As in;
  
• aller à
• habiter à

Verbs with the Preposition à;

commencer à [+ infinitive] to start (doing something)
parler à to talk to
penser à to think about
téléphoner à to phone (someone)

à -v- dans;

• à is genrally used to meant at or in
• dans is used to mean inside
  
• *When learning a place name in French, learn the preposition that acommpanies/comes with it.

Prepositions with Place Names;

à la maison at home
à Paris in Paris
en ville in town
sur la place in the square

dans la maison inside the house
dans Paris inside Paris
dans la ville inside the town
à/sur la terrasse on the terrace

7-1 The verb aller -bullet points

Note;

• aller is irregular.
• Only the nous and the vous forms resemble the infinitive.

le future proche the immediate future;

• aller cant be used with another verb to tell what is going to happen.
• this construction is called le future proche
• you conjugate aller in the present tense form and then place the other verb's infinitive form right after it.
• Nous allons déjeuner sur la terrasse. We're going to eat lunch on the terrace.

Negation of an le futur proche expression;

• place ne/n' before the conjugated form of aller and pas after it
• Je ne vais pas faire mes devoirs. I'm not going to do my homework.

Also, Note;

• This construction (le futur proche) can be used with itself/the infinitive of aller to mean to go to (somewhere)
• Elle va aller à la piscine.
  

7-1 The verb aller

Aller : to go

* you already saw a form of aller in ça va

• Now you will use it/this verb, to go, to talk about
• going places and
  
• to express actions that take place in the immediate future.

je vais I go
tu vas you go
il/ell va he/she/it goes

nous allons we go
vous allez you go
ils/elles vont they go

7- p111 Nouns that end in -al & à plus le or les

Nouns that end in -al;

• have an irregular plur. from
• al > aux
• un hôpital > deux hôpitalaux

À before le or les;

• makes these contractions
• à + le = au
• à + les = aux
• *does not contract with la or l' (the fem. or masc. or fem. plural definite article)
  

Unité 4, Leçon 7

Unité 4, Leçon 7

-Places and activities around town
-Oral vowels

-Star du cinéma
-Popular liesure activities

-The verb aller
-Interrogative words
-Synthèse
-La zapping

6-2 Prepositions of location -table/vocab

à côté de next to
à droite de to the right of
à gauche de to the left of
dans in
derrière behind
devant in front of
en in
en face de facing, across from
entre between
loin de far from
par by
près de close to, near
sous under
sur on

6-2 Prepostions of location

We have already been introduced to the prepositions;

• à
• de
• en

Prepositions of location: describe the location of something or someone in relation to something or someone else. *so a noun in relation to the location of a different noun.

• Use the preposition à before the name of the city to express in,to.
• Prepositions that accompanies the name of a country varies,
• but you can use en in many cases
• *In leçon 13 more names of countries and their corresponding prepositions will be introduced but that is not until later.. so..
  

Remember To...

• use the contractions du (de+le) and des (de+les) in prepositional expressions when they are appropriate.

To Further Modify the prepositions of location...

• use intensifiers;
• tout very, really
  
• juste just, right
• Ma soeur habite juste à côté de l'université. My sister lives right next to the university.
• Jules et Alain travaillent tout près de la fac. Jules and Alain work really close to campus.

The preposition/word de...

• does not need to be used with the preposition expression when not followed by a noun/usually because it is at the end of the sentence.
• Ma soeur habite juste à côté de l'université. My sister lives right next door.
• Elle travaille tout près. She works really close by.

The preposition chez;

• Chez expresses the idea of; at or to someone's house or place
• Louise n'aime pas étudier chez Arnaud parce qu'il parle beaucoup. Louise doesn't like studying at Arnaud's because he talks a lot.
  
• Or the idea of at or to a professional's office or business.
• l pg 99
  

Disjunctive pronouns;

• Use disjunctive pronouns after prepositions instead of subject pronouns. *So when comparing its location of something/a noun (to the other noun) you, he, she, etc. you may have to used a disjunctive version of it, in the case's of I, you, he, and the masc. they, really.
  
• je > moi
• tu > toi
• il > loi
• elle > elle
• nous > nous
• vous > vous
• ils > eux
• elles > elles
• Maryse travaille à côté de moi. Maryse is working next to me.
  

6-1 Numbers 80-100 & notes

80 quatre-vingts
81 quatre-vingt-un
82 quatre-vingt-deux
83 ...
84
85
86
87
88
89

90 quatre-vingt-dix
91 quatre-vingt-onze
92 quatre-vingt-douze
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100

Numbers that end in 1 are not usually hyphenated;

• 21-71 do not use hyphenations just and et between the 10th and the 1
• 81 and 91 are hyphenated between their 10th expression and there 1 expression

Note;

• 80 ends with an s, *quatre-vingts
  
• But!.. the rest of the expressions of 80+1, etc the s is dropped/no longer needed/used
  

6-1 Numbers 61-70

p 96..

61 soixante et un
62 soixante-deux
63 soixante-trois
64...
65
66
67
68
69

70 soixante-dix
71 soixante et onze
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79

* seventy = 60-10, 60 and 11, 60-12, etc.

Unité 3, Leçon 6

Unité 3, Leçon 6

-More descriptive adjectives
-Professions and occupations
-L'accent circonflexe, la cédille, and la tréma

-On travaille chez moi!
-Relationships

-Numbers 61-100
-Prepositions of location
-Synthèse
-Interlude

5-2 Possession with de

To express relationships or ownership...;

• use de(d') + [the noun or proper name]
• C'est le petit ami d'Élisabeth. That's Élisabeth's boyfriend.
  
• C'est le patit ami de ma soeur. That's my sister's boyfriend.
• *a more literal translation of those
  
• This/That is the boyfriend of Élisabeth.
• (or) It is (?) the boyfriend of my sister.

To Know...;

• de contracts when in front of the definite article le or les (the sing. or plur.). And obviously not la or l' (fem. or sing. def. art. when followed by a vowel starting noun/word)
  
• de + le = du of + the (sing. masc. def. art.)
  
• de + les = des of + the (plur. def. art.)
• *and remember the def. art. is dependent on the noun weather it is plur, sing, masc, or fem.
  

5-2 Possessive adjectives -bullet points

Placement

• possessive adjectives are always placed before the nouns the modify/describe/possess
  

Gender and number agreement

• Yes, unlike English, French poss. adj.'s have to agree with the gender and the noun they modify/describe/posses
• mon frère *a masc. sing. noun and, therefore, a masc. sing. possessive adj. to match it
• ma soeure
• mes grands-parents

Note/Recognize;

• notre, votre, and leur only need to agree with the number only *since the masc. and fem. versions are the same/ they don't have different ones for them to thereby be used to express any differences. IN sum: the plural possesive adjectives only have to disstinguish between sing or not sing/plur.
  

Note/Important to Know;

• The masc. sing. forms of mon, ton, and son are used with fem. sing. nouns that begin with a vowel sound.
• mon amie my friend
  
• ton étudiante your student
  
• son histoire his story

Also Important to Know; */ the think it important to point out;

• Son, sa, and ses, the one use, depends on still only on the gender and number of the noun possessed/modified,
  
• and it does not depend on the gender and number of the owner/who the possessive adjective is describing/filling in the place for
• *so.... if it it was Mary's sister. it is Her sister and you still use what you would use in the rules before.. *the son, sa, ses can mean either his or her
• son frère *masc. sing. noun, therefore, masc. sing. poss. adj. his/her brother
  
• sa soeur his/her sister
  
• ses parents his/her parents
  

5-2 Possessive adjectives

*Possessive adjectives express ownership or possession

My

• mon *masc.
  
• ma *fem.
  
• mes *plur.
  

Your (fam. and sing.)

• ton
• ta
• tes

His, Her, Its

• son
• sa
• ses

Our

• notre
• notre
• nos

Your (form. or pl.)

• votre
• votre
• vos

Their

• leur
• leur
• leurs
  

1-2 Numbers 1-21

0 zéro
1 un
2 deux
3 trois
4 quatre
5 cinq
6 six
7 sept
8 huit
9 neuf
10 dix

11 onze
12 douze
13 treize
14 quatorze
15 quinze
16 seize
17 dix-sept
18 dix-huit
19 dix-neuf
20 vingt

21 vingt et un
*vingt et une when it precedes a feminine noun.

:) tech. 9- I'm running toward you..

Je cours vers toi.

5-1 Plural indefinte article des

Plural indefinite article des changes to de before and adjective followed by a noun. verses a noun followed by an adjective.

5-1 Forms before a mas. sing. nouns with vowel sound

Forms used before masculine singular nouns that begin with a vowel sound

beau -bel -un bel appartment

vieux -vieil -un vieil homme

nouveau -nouvel -un nouvel ami

5-1 Position of adjectives

Usually placed before a noun;

beau beautiful;handsome, bon good;kind, grand tall;big, gros fat, jeune young, joli pretty, lon long, nouveau nervous, petit small;short (stature) , and vieux old

Also; mauvais(e) bad, pauvre poor;unfortunate, vrai(e) true;real

5-1 Some Irregular adjectives

these have certain ways of becoming mas, fem, sing, and plur. *look on page 83 for them

5-1 marron -vs- châtains

• marron brown
• is invariable
• does not agree with gender or number with the noun it modifies/describes.
  

• châtains brown (hair)
• almost exclusively used to describe hair color

ex;
Mon neveu a les yeux marron. My nephew has brown eyes.

-vs-

Ma nièce a les cheveux châtains. My niece has brown hair.

5-1 Describe as medium size.

To describe something or someone as medium size;

de taille moyenne

ex;
Victor est un homme de taille moyenne. Victor is a man of medium height.

C'est une université de taille moyenne. It's a medium sized university.

5-1Descriptive Adjectives -Physical

In leçon 2 we learned adjectives of nationality and words to describe your classes. Here we will learn adjectives that describe physical characteristics.

*Adjectives agree in gender and number with the subject/thing it is describing.

• bleu(e) blue
  
• blond(e) blonde
  
• brun(e) dark (hair)
  
• châtain brown (hair)
  
• court(e) short
  
• grand(e) tall, big
  
• jeune young
  
• joli(e) pretty
  
• laid(e) ugly
  
• marron brown
  
• noir(e) black
  
• petit(e) small, short (stature)
  
• raide straight
  
• vert(e) green
  

Unité 3, Leçon 5

Unité 3, Leçon 5

-Family, friends, and pets
-L'accent aigu and l'accent grave

-L'ablum de photos
-The French Family

-Descriptive adjectives
-Possessive adjectives

4-2 Express At What Time...

...something happens use the preposition à at

Celine travaille à sept heures moins vingt. Celine works at 6:40.

• Laison occurs between the numbers
• deux, trois, six, dix (sounding like z) and
  
• neuf (sound like v)
  
• and the word heure(s)

Il est deux heures. It is 2 o'clock.
Il est neuf heures et quart. It is 9:15.

• *Does not occur between est and a number starting with a vowel (ex: onze)

The 24 hour clock is used to express official time.

• When expressing these things;
• departure times
• movie times and
• store hours
• you only use numbers and not with any expression like le et demie, moins le quart, etc.
  

4-2 Telling Time

• Use the verb être with numbers to tell time

Two ways to ask what time it is;

1. Quelle heure est-il? What time is it?
   
2. Quelle heure avez-vous? What time do you have?

• heures: time on the hour (?)
• Il est six heures. It is six o'clock.
  
• heure: one o'clock
• Il est une heure. It is one o'clock.
  

1. Expressing time from the hour to the half hour;
1. add minutes
1. Il est quatre heures cinq. It is 4:o5.

• et quart 15 minutes past the hour
• Il est une heure et quart. It is 1:15.
  
• et demie 30 minutes past the hour
• Il est sept heures et demie. It is 7:30.
  

1. Expressing the time from half hour to the hour;
1. subtract minutes from the next hour
1. Il est trois heures moins dix. It is 2:50.
   
2. Il est une heure moins le quart. It is 1:45.

4-1 Indefinite Article After Expressing Negation

• An indefinite article before a noun (I'll say), weather singular or plural, in a previously would be positive statement usually
  
• becomes de or d' after using n'... pas/expressing in the negative
  

J'ai un cours difficile. > Je n'ai pas de cours difficile.
I have a difficult class. > I do not have a difficult class.

Prestent Tense of Avoir

avoir to have

an irregular verb, thus you need to have the forms memorized

j'ai I have

tu as you have

il/elle a he/she has

nous avons we have

vous avez you have

ils/elles ont they have

• *Laison required between the final consonants of
• on
  
• nous
• vous
• ils
• elles
• and the forms of avoir
• *final s is a z sound
  

Unité 2, Leçon 4

Unité 2, Leçon 4

-Everyday activities
-The letter r

-On trouve une solution
-University life

-Present tense of avoir
-Telling Time

3-2 Asking Why?

Asking Why? use;

• Pourquoi.... ? Why... ?

• Parce que__ ./ Parce qu'__. Because__.

C'est Inverted

• For C'est, It/He/She is, inverts to Est-ce Is he/she* it....? *depends on the subject

Est-ce le professeur de lettres? Is he the humanities professor?

3-2 Il y a inverted

• For il y a there is, it inverts to y a-t-il There is...

Y a-t-il une horloge dans la classe? Is there a clock in the class?

3-2 Forming Questions

1. Simplest way and usually considered as informal
1. Use the same written out statement and say it with a rise in intonation at the end of it or,
2. write it with a ? mark at the end
2. Second way is somewhat formal
1. Use Est-ce que... before the statement
1. use Est-ce qu'... if the statement starts with a vowel
   
3. The Third way, can be formal or informal
1. place a "tag" question at the end of the statement.
1. __, d'accord? __, OK?
   
2. __, n'est ce pas? __, don't we/they/etc?
4. The Fourth way, considered more formal.
1. Invert the subject pronoun and the verb and hyphenate them
1. Parlez-vous français? Do you speak French?
2. Est-elle étudiante? Is she a student?
   
2. If the verb ends in a vowel and the subject pronoun is il or elle us -t- between them
1. Mange-t-il à midi? Does he eat at noon
3. When the subject is an noun/person, place or thing instead of a pronoun/I, him, her
1. Put the noun first then the inverted version of what ever pronoun would agree with the noun with the verb *it is usually il or elle of coarse..
2. Le Professeur parle-t-il français? Does the professor speak French?

3-1 The Verb Chercher

Chercher to look for

-does not require a preposition before the noun/person, place or thing that follows it

ex;
Nous cherchons les stylos. We are looking for the pens.

3-1 Verbs Ending in -ger and -cer

• Verbs ending in -ger (manger, partager, voyager) and -cer (commencer)
• Change their spelling in the nous form

• manger> nous mangeons
• -er, nous __-ons, you add an e before on so -eons
  

• commencer> nous commençons
• the c becomes ç, so -çons
  

3-1 The Present Tense Verb

Can be translated in a more then one way from French to English

ex

study
are studying
do study..

3-1 Use the Definite Article when...

To tell what some one loves, likes or hates/adorer, aimer, détester use the appropriate definite article infront of the noun/person, place or thing that is being described as liked or not

ex's;
J'aime mieux l'art. I prefer art

Marine déteste les devoirs. Marine hates homework

*To express something you like or dislike doing;

• after expressing the conjugated form of adorer, aimer and détester use the infinitive form of the verb/thing that you do not like or do like doing.
  

3-1 Regular -er Verbs

*Present Tense

the infinitive, is the verb as it its to___ =___-er, before it gets conjugated.

je __-e

tu __-es

il/elle __ -e

nous __-ons

vous __-ez

ils/elles __-ent


* je becomes j' when followed by a verb that starts with a vowel sound

Unité 2, Leçon 3

Unité 2, Leçon 3

-Academic life
-Laisons

-Trop de devoirs!
-The French university system

-Present tense of regular -er verbs
-Forming questions and expressing negation
-affirmative and declarative statements you've learned, now to learn questions and negation

2-2 Asking Someone's Nationality or Heritage

• Quelle est ta/votre nationalité? (informal or formal)...
  
• Tu es/Vous êtes de quelle origine?
  

• Quelle est votre nationalité? What is your nationality?
• Je suis de nationalité canadienne. I am of Canadian nationality.

• Tu es de quelle origine? What is your heritage?
  
• Je suis d'origine italienne. I am of Italian heritage.

2-2 Describing Nationality

• adjectives ending in -n
• you add -ne to it to make it fem. -v.- just an -e

• masc. adjectives (describing nationality) stay the same for the masc. plural form

• It does not have to be capitalized
  

2-2 Adjective Placement

• Placed after the noun/person, place or thing they modify/describe
• unless they follow the verb être

Ce sont des étudiantes brillantes. They're brilliant students.

Banarde est un homme agréable et poli. Barnard is a pleasant and polite man.

2-2 Adjectives

Adjectives

;words that describe people, places or things/nouns

In French; adjectives are usually used with the verb être (to be) to point out the qualities of nouns or pronouns

ex's;

-Le cours (noun) est (verb être) difficile (adjective). The course is difficult.

-Je (noun) suis (verb to be) optimiste (adjective). I am optimistic.

2-2 Adjectives Agree in gender and number

Feminize or Pluralize an Adjective;

To form most feminine adjectives add -e to the masculine form.

To pluralize a masc. or fem. ads -s

Where the adjective agrees with the gender and number of the subject


Henry est élégant. masc. singular. Henry is elegant.

Patricia est élégante. fem. singular

Henry and Jérôme sont élégants. masc. plural

Patricia and Marie sont élégantes. fem. plural

1-1 Indefinite Article

Indefinite Article a/an or some


un a/an (m.)

une a/an (f.)

des some (masc. or fem. plural)

*Il y a... there is/are... un.. a/an...

1-1 Pluralize a Noun

To Pluralize a noun;

• add an -s regardless of gender
• words that end in eau
• add -x
• nouns ending in -al
• drop -al
• ad aux

*remember to change the article in front of the noun to plural les or des to match the now pluralized noun.

*refer to a group of people, male and female, with a masc. plural noun

1-1 French Nouns

A Noun designates a person, place or thing

French Nouns;
-have number, Singular or Plural
and
-have gender, Masculine and Feminine

ex: le, les, la, les

*some nouns designate both fem. and masc.
ex: un professeur a (male or female) professor
une personne a (male or female) person

*nouns for objects can be designated either as masc. or fem.

2-1 On

On

The subject pronoun on
-refers to people in general. Such as one, they or you can in our language.
-can also mean we in a casual style
-takes the same verb form as il or elle

2-1 Subject Pronouns

Subject Pronouns;

replace the noun/person or thing that could previously been used as the subject in the sentence that had applied to the verb. *They replace the noun

we are now going to use I, you, he, she, it, we, you(form.) or pl., and they with the verbs. but to write them out separately; *these will be the bases of the different forms of verbs

je I

tu you

il he/it
elle she/it
on one

nous we

vous you

ils they (m.)
elles they (f.)

2-1 The subject of the sentence

The subject is the noun/person or thing that carries out the action
v.
the verb, which is/expresses the action itself

2-1 The Verb être

être to be

je suis i am

tu es you are

il/elle est he/she is
on est one is

nous sommes we are

vous êtes you are (from.) or you all are (p.)

ils/elles sont they are

*Vous êtes: you pronounce the s like a z.
*C'est or Ce sont that is or those are are connected with this verb.
-Identifies who or what someone or something is

`Except with proper names, *an article (ex: un, des/a,etc) must always precede a noun (person, place or thing)

*though remember when generalizing the now that was just mentioned use il/elle est or ils/elles sont it/he/or/she, those/or/they *I would believe

ex: Mary becomes she
-The library becomes it (*it is fem. or masc. depending on the gender of the noun)

Unité 1 Vocabulaire

In its vocabulary;
-Le campus
-Les personnes
-Les présentations
-Identifier
-Bonjour et au revoir
-Comment ça va?
-Expressions de politesse
-Numbers 0-60
-Subject Pronouns
-être
-Descriptive adjectives
-Adjectives of nationality

Unité 1, Leçon 2

Leçon 2 En Classe
-People and things around a classroom

-Silent letters
Final consonants ex: s, t, are usually silent
unaccented e or es is silent but the consonant before it is not
oranges, japonaises
Careful -c, r, f, l are usually pronounced at the end of the words

-Les copains
-French diversity
-The verb être
-Adjective agreement
-Synthèse

Unité 1, Leçon 1

Salut!

Ça va?
In this Leçon it teaches you;
-Greetings and good-byes
-Introductions and expressions of courtesy
-The French alphabet
-Au café
-Greetings and Manners
-Nouns and articles
-Numbers 0-60

1-1 Qu'est-ce que c'est?

Qu'est-ce que c'est? What is that?

C'est... It is...

Ce sont... They are...

*Talking about nouns and articles

1-1 Definite Article -The

la or l' feminine the

le or l' masculine the

les plural the

*With nouns: a person, place or thing

*The is a definite article because it specifies the object, and it is a specific opbject. Not just an object but the object. The object is definite, not vague...