12-1 Indeirect object pronouns

Expresses: to whom or for whom an action is done

ex: the indirect object answers this question: To whom does Gisèle speak? À qui parle Gisèle?
Gisèle parle à sa mère. Gisèle speaks to her mother.

me
te
lui

nous
vous
leur

Indirect object pronouns replace indirect object nouns.
... and know to understand that...

• ex: Gisèle parle à sa mère. > Gisèle lui parle.
• Gisèle speaks to her mother. > Gisèle speaks to her.
• J'envoie de cadeaux à mes nièces. > Je leur envoie des cadeaux
• I send gifts to my nieces > I send them gifts.

The indirect object pronoun usually precedes the conjugated verb.

• ex: Antoine, je te parle. Antoine, I'm speaking to you
• *a way to restate it maybe.. Antoine, I -to you- am speaking or think about recognizing the pronoun form and be able to skip it almost and put it in the end..
• Notre père nous a envoyè un poème. Our father sent us a poem.

To make negative

• place the indirect object pronoun between ne and the conjugated verb
• ne - indirect object proundoun - conjugated verb.
  
• ex: Antoine, je ne te parle. Antoine, I'm not speaking to you
• 
  

10 Roman Photo -When is your birthday?

C'est quand, ton anniversaire?

10 -Roman Phota -Yum!

Miam! :)

ex:
Des crêpes... Miam! Crepes?! Yum!

8- Attention!

To read prices in French;

• say the number of euros (euros)
  
• followed by the number of cents (centimes).
• *French decimals are marked with a comma, not a period.
• 8,10 € = huit euros dix (centimes)

vocabulaire;

apporter l'addition
coûter
Combien coûte(nt)...?

une baguette
le beurre
des frites (f.)
un fromage
le jambon
un pain (de compagne)
...

Unité 4, Leçon 8

Unité 4, Leçon 8

-Going to a café
-Nasal vowels

-L'heure de déjeuner
-Café culture

-The verbs prendre and boire
-Partitives
-Synthèse
-Projet

7-2 Interrogative words -bullet points

quand? and à quelle heure?

• are not interchangeable,
  
• even though they can both be translated into when?
• quand is used to talk about a day or a date
• p120
  
• à quelle heure is used to talk about a particular time of day

Another way to formulate a question;

• With most interrogative words you can place them after the verb/at the end of the sentence to form a question.
• Tu t'appelles comment? What's your name?
  
• Tu habites où? Where do you live?
  
• This formulation is very informal but very common.

Note;

• qoui? (when?) must immediately follow a preposition in order to be used with est-ce que or inversion.
• À quoi pensez-vous? What are you thinking?
  
• De quoi est-ce qu'il parle? What is he talking about?
  
• If no preposition is necessary, place quoi after the verb.
• Elle étudie quoi? What does she study?
  
• Tu regardes quoi? What are you looking at?

pourquoi and parce que/qu';

• To answer a pouquoi question, use parce que/qu' (because)
• Pourquoi habites-tu la banlieue? Why do you live in the suburbs?
  
• Parce que je n'aime pas le centre-ville. Because I don't like downtown.

Impolite or improper to...

• use Quoi? to indicating that you do not understand something/the thing that is bing said.
• Use Comment? or Pardon? instead

Note;

• When qui? (who(m)) is used as a subject, the verb that follows is always singular.
  
• Qui fréquente le café? Who goes to the café?

Quel(le)(s);

• Agrees in gender and number with the noun it modifies
• quel -masc. sing.
  
• hôpital? Which hospital?
  
• quelle -fem. sing.
  
• place? Which public square?
  
• quels -masc. plur.
  
• restaurants? Which restaurants?
  
• quelles -fem. plur.
  
• montagnes? Which mountains?

• Can be placed before a form of the verb être.
• Quels problèmes as-tu? What problems do you have?
  
• -v-
• Quels sont tes problèmes? What are you problems?
  

7-2 Interrogative words

* In Leçon 3 you learned 4 ways to formulate yes or no questions. But many questions seek more then a yes or no answer.

Interrogative words;

à quelle heure? at what time?
combien (de)? how much?;how many?
comment? how?;what?
où? where?
pourquoi? why?
quand? when?
que/qu'...? what?
quel(le)(s)? which?;what?
à qui? to who(m)?
avec qui? with who(m)?
pour qui? for who(m)?
quoi? what?

*Use these words with est-ce que or inversion.

7-1 The preposition à

Remember;

• the contractions of à with le and les
  

The prepostion à

• translated various ways: to, in, at
• It often indicates a physical location. As in;
  
• aller à
• habiter à

Verbs with the Preposition à;

commencer à [+ infinitive] to start (doing something)
parler à to talk to
penser à to think about
téléphoner à to phone (someone)

à -v- dans;

• à is genrally used to meant at or in
• dans is used to mean inside
  
• *When learning a place name in French, learn the preposition that acommpanies/comes with it.

Prepositions with Place Names;

à la maison at home
à Paris in Paris
en ville in town
sur la place in the square

dans la maison inside the house
dans Paris inside Paris
dans la ville inside the town
à/sur la terrasse on the terrace

7-1 The verb aller -bullet points

Note;

• aller is irregular.
• Only the nous and the vous forms resemble the infinitive.

le future proche the immediate future;

• aller cant be used with another verb to tell what is going to happen.
• this construction is called le future proche
• you conjugate aller in the present tense form and then place the other verb's infinitive form right after it.
• Nous allons déjeuner sur la terrasse. We're going to eat lunch on the terrace.

Negation of an le futur proche expression;

• place ne/n' before the conjugated form of aller and pas after it
• Je ne vais pas faire mes devoirs. I'm not going to do my homework.

Also, Note;

• This construction (le futur proche) can be used with itself/the infinitive of aller to mean to go to (somewhere)
• Elle va aller à la piscine.
  

7-1 The verb aller

Aller : to go

* you already saw a form of aller in ça va

• Now you will use it/this verb, to go, to talk about
• going places and
  
• to express actions that take place in the immediate future.

je vais I go
tu vas you go
il/ell va he/she/it goes

nous allons we go
vous allez you go
ils/elles vont they go

7- p111 Nouns that end in -al & à plus le or les

Nouns that end in -al;

• have an irregular plur. from
• al > aux
• un hôpital > deux hôpitalaux

À before le or les;

• makes these contractions
• à + le = au
• à + les = aux
• *does not contract with la or l' (the fem. or masc. or fem. plural definite article)
  

Unité 4, Leçon 7

Unité 4, Leçon 7

-Places and activities around town
-Oral vowels

-Star du cinéma
-Popular liesure activities

-The verb aller
-Interrogative words
-Synthèse
-La zapping

6-2 Prepositions of location -table/vocab

à côté de next to
à droite de to the right of
à gauche de to the left of
dans in
derrière behind
devant in front of
en in
en face de facing, across from
entre between
loin de far from
par by
près de close to, near
sous under
sur on

6-2 Prepostions of location

We have already been introduced to the prepositions;

• à
• de
• en

Prepositions of location: describe the location of something or someone in relation to something or someone else. *so a noun in relation to the location of a different noun.

• Use the preposition à before the name of the city to express in,to.
• Prepositions that accompanies the name of a country varies,
• but you can use en in many cases
• *In leçon 13 more names of countries and their corresponding prepositions will be introduced but that is not until later.. so..
  

Remember To...

• use the contractions du (de+le) and des (de+les) in prepositional expressions when they are appropriate.

To Further Modify the prepositions of location...

• use intensifiers;
• tout very, really
  
• juste just, right
• Ma soeur habite juste à côté de l'université. My sister lives right next to the university.
• Jules et Alain travaillent tout près de la fac. Jules and Alain work really close to campus.

The preposition/word de...

• does not need to be used with the preposition expression when not followed by a noun/usually because it is at the end of the sentence.
• Ma soeur habite juste à côté de l'université. My sister lives right next door.
• Elle travaille tout près. She works really close by.

The preposition chez;

• Chez expresses the idea of; at or to someone's house or place
• Louise n'aime pas étudier chez Arnaud parce qu'il parle beaucoup. Louise doesn't like studying at Arnaud's because he talks a lot.
  
• Or the idea of at or to a professional's office or business.
• l pg 99
  

Disjunctive pronouns;

• Use disjunctive pronouns after prepositions instead of subject pronouns. *So when comparing its location of something/a noun (to the other noun) you, he, she, etc. you may have to used a disjunctive version of it, in the case's of I, you, he, and the masc. they, really.
  
• je > moi
• tu > toi
• il > loi
• elle > elle
• nous > nous
• vous > vous
• ils > eux
• elles > elles
• Maryse travaille à côté de moi. Maryse is working next to me.
  

6-1 Numbers 80-100 & notes

80 quatre-vingts
81 quatre-vingt-un
82 quatre-vingt-deux
83 ...
84
85
86
87
88
89

90 quatre-vingt-dix
91 quatre-vingt-onze
92 quatre-vingt-douze
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100

Numbers that end in 1 are not usually hyphenated;

• 21-71 do not use hyphenations just and et between the 10th and the 1
• 81 and 91 are hyphenated between their 10th expression and there 1 expression

Note;

• 80 ends with an s, *quatre-vingts
  
• But!.. the rest of the expressions of 80+1, etc the s is dropped/no longer needed/used
  

6-1 Numbers 61-70

p 96..

61 soixante et un
62 soixante-deux
63 soixante-trois
64...
65
66
67
68
69

70 soixante-dix
71 soixante et onze
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79

* seventy = 60-10, 60 and 11, 60-12, etc.

Unité 3, Leçon 6

Unité 3, Leçon 6

-More descriptive adjectives
-Professions and occupations
-L'accent circonflexe, la cédille, and la tréma

-On travaille chez moi!
-Relationships

-Numbers 61-100
-Prepositions of location
-Synthèse
-Interlude

5-2 Possession with de

To express relationships or ownership...;

• use de(d') + [the noun or proper name]
• C'est le petit ami d'Élisabeth. That's Élisabeth's boyfriend.
  
• C'est le patit ami de ma soeur. That's my sister's boyfriend.
• *a more literal translation of those
  
• This/That is the boyfriend of Élisabeth.
• (or) It is (?) the boyfriend of my sister.

To Know...;

• de contracts when in front of the definite article le or les (the sing. or plur.). And obviously not la or l' (fem. or sing. def. art. when followed by a vowel starting noun/word)
  
• de + le = du of + the (sing. masc. def. art.)
  
• de + les = des of + the (plur. def. art.)
• *and remember the def. art. is dependent on the noun weather it is plur, sing, masc, or fem.
  

5-2 Possessive adjectives -bullet points

Placement

• possessive adjectives are always placed before the nouns the modify/describe/possess
  

Gender and number agreement

• Yes, unlike English, French poss. adj.'s have to agree with the gender and the noun they modify/describe/posses
• mon frère *a masc. sing. noun and, therefore, a masc. sing. possessive adj. to match it
• ma soeure
• mes grands-parents

Note/Recognize;

• notre, votre, and leur only need to agree with the number only *since the masc. and fem. versions are the same/ they don't have different ones for them to thereby be used to express any differences. IN sum: the plural possesive adjectives only have to disstinguish between sing or not sing/plur.
  

Note/Important to Know;

• The masc. sing. forms of mon, ton, and son are used with fem. sing. nouns that begin with a vowel sound.
• mon amie my friend
  
• ton étudiante your student
  
• son histoire his story

Also Important to Know; */ the think it important to point out;

• Son, sa, and ses, the one use, depends on still only on the gender and number of the noun possessed/modified,
  
• and it does not depend on the gender and number of the owner/who the possessive adjective is describing/filling in the place for
• *so.... if it it was Mary's sister. it is Her sister and you still use what you would use in the rules before.. *the son, sa, ses can mean either his or her
• son frère *masc. sing. noun, therefore, masc. sing. poss. adj. his/her brother
  
• sa soeur his/her sister
  
• ses parents his/her parents
  

5-2 Possessive adjectives

*Possessive adjectives express ownership or possession

My

• mon *masc.
  
• ma *fem.
  
• mes *plur.
  

Your (fam. and sing.)

• ton
• ta
• tes

His, Her, Its

• son
• sa
• ses

Our

• notre
• notre
• nos

Your (form. or pl.)

• votre
• votre
• vos

Their

• leur
• leur
• leurs
  

1-2 Numbers 1-21

0 zéro
1 un
2 deux
3 trois
4 quatre
5 cinq
6 six
7 sept
8 huit
9 neuf
10 dix

11 onze
12 douze
13 treize
14 quatorze
15 quinze
16 seize
17 dix-sept
18 dix-huit
19 dix-neuf
20 vingt

21 vingt et un
*vingt et une when it precedes a feminine noun.

:) tech. 9- I'm running toward you..

Je cours vers toi.

5-1 Plural indefinte article des

Plural indefinite article des changes to de before and adjective followed by a noun. verses a noun followed by an adjective.

5-1 Forms before a mas. sing. nouns with vowel sound

Forms used before masculine singular nouns that begin with a vowel sound

beau -bel -un bel appartment

vieux -vieil -un vieil homme

nouveau -nouvel -un nouvel ami

5-1 Position of adjectives

Usually placed before a noun;

beau beautiful;handsome, bon good;kind, grand tall;big, gros fat, jeune young, joli pretty, lon long, nouveau nervous, petit small;short (stature) , and vieux old

Also; mauvais(e) bad, pauvre poor;unfortunate, vrai(e) true;real

5-1 Some Irregular adjectives

these have certain ways of becoming mas, fem, sing, and plur. *look on page 83 for them

5-1 marron -vs- châtains

• marron brown
• is invariable
• does not agree with gender or number with the noun it modifies/describes.
  

• châtains brown (hair)
• almost exclusively used to describe hair color

ex;
Mon neveu a les yeux marron. My nephew has brown eyes.

-vs-

Ma nièce a les cheveux châtains. My niece has brown hair.

5-1 Describe as medium size.

To describe something or someone as medium size;

de taille moyenne

ex;
Victor est un homme de taille moyenne. Victor is a man of medium height.

C'est une université de taille moyenne. It's a medium sized university.

5-1Descriptive Adjectives -Physical

In leçon 2 we learned adjectives of nationality and words to describe your classes. Here we will learn adjectives that describe physical characteristics.

*Adjectives agree in gender and number with the subject/thing it is describing.

• bleu(e) blue
  
• blond(e) blonde
  
• brun(e) dark (hair)
  
• châtain brown (hair)
  
• court(e) short
  
• grand(e) tall, big
  
• jeune young
  
• joli(e) pretty
  
• laid(e) ugly
  
• marron brown
  
• noir(e) black
  
• petit(e) small, short (stature)
  
• raide straight
  
• vert(e) green
  

Unité 3, Leçon 5

Unité 3, Leçon 5

-Family, friends, and pets
-L'accent aigu and l'accent grave

-L'ablum de photos
-The French Family

-Descriptive adjectives
-Possessive adjectives