4-2 Express At What Time...

...something happens use the preposition à at

Celine travaille à sept heures moins vingt. Celine works at 6:40.

• Laison occurs between the numbers
• deux, trois, six, dix (sounding like z) and
  
• neuf (sound like v)
  
• and the word heure(s)

Il est deux heures. It is 2 o'clock.
Il est neuf heures et quart. It is 9:15.

• *Does not occur between est and a number starting with a vowel (ex: onze)

The 24 hour clock is used to express official time.

• When expressing these things;
• departure times
• movie times and
• store hours
• you only use numbers and not with any expression like le et demie, moins le quart, etc.
  

4-2 Telling Time

• Use the verb être with numbers to tell time

Two ways to ask what time it is;

1. Quelle heure est-il? What time is it?
   
2. Quelle heure avez-vous? What time do you have?

• heures: time on the hour (?)
• Il est six heures. It is six o'clock.
  
• heure: one o'clock
• Il est une heure. It is one o'clock.
  

1. Expressing time from the hour to the half hour;
1. add minutes
1. Il est quatre heures cinq. It is 4:o5.

• et quart 15 minutes past the hour
• Il est une heure et quart. It is 1:15.
  
• et demie 30 minutes past the hour
• Il est sept heures et demie. It is 7:30.
  

1. Expressing the time from half hour to the hour;
1. subtract minutes from the next hour
1. Il est trois heures moins dix. It is 2:50.
   
2. Il est une heure moins le quart. It is 1:45.

4-1 Indefinite Article After Expressing Negation

• An indefinite article before a noun (I'll say), weather singular or plural, in a previously would be positive statement usually
  
• becomes de or d' after using n'... pas/expressing in the negative
  

J'ai un cours difficile. > Je n'ai pas de cours difficile.
I have a difficult class. > I do not have a difficult class.

Prestent Tense of Avoir

avoir to have

an irregular verb, thus you need to have the forms memorized

j'ai I have

tu as you have

il/elle a he/she has

nous avons we have

vous avez you have

ils/elles ont they have

• *Laison required between the final consonants of
• on
  
• nous
• vous
• ils
• elles
• and the forms of avoir
• *final s is a z sound
  

Unité 2, Leçon 4

Unité 2, Leçon 4

-Everyday activities
-The letter r

-On trouve une solution
-University life

-Present tense of avoir
-Telling Time

3-2 Asking Why?

Asking Why? use;

• Pourquoi.... ? Why... ?

• Parce que__ ./ Parce qu'__. Because__.

C'est Inverted

• For C'est, It/He/She is, inverts to Est-ce Is he/she* it....? *depends on the subject

Est-ce le professeur de lettres? Is he the humanities professor?

3-2 Il y a inverted

• For il y a there is, it inverts to y a-t-il There is...

Y a-t-il une horloge dans la classe? Is there a clock in the class?

3-2 Forming Questions

1. Simplest way and usually considered as informal
1. Use the same written out statement and say it with a rise in intonation at the end of it or,
2. write it with a ? mark at the end
2. Second way is somewhat formal
1. Use Est-ce que... before the statement
1. use Est-ce qu'... if the statement starts with a vowel
   
3. The Third way, can be formal or informal
1. place a "tag" question at the end of the statement.
1. __, d'accord? __, OK?
   
2. __, n'est ce pas? __, don't we/they/etc?
4. The Fourth way, considered more formal.
1. Invert the subject pronoun and the verb and hyphenate them
1. Parlez-vous français? Do you speak French?
2. Est-elle étudiante? Is she a student?
   
2. If the verb ends in a vowel and the subject pronoun is il or elle us -t- between them
1. Mange-t-il à midi? Does he eat at noon
3. When the subject is an noun/person, place or thing instead of a pronoun/I, him, her
1. Put the noun first then the inverted version of what ever pronoun would agree with the noun with the verb *it is usually il or elle of coarse..
2. Le Professeur parle-t-il français? Does the professor speak French?

3-1 The Verb Chercher

Chercher to look for

-does not require a preposition before the noun/person, place or thing that follows it

ex;
Nous cherchons les stylos. We are looking for the pens.

3-1 Verbs Ending in -ger and -cer

• Verbs ending in -ger (manger, partager, voyager) and -cer (commencer)
• Change their spelling in the nous form

• manger> nous mangeons
• -er, nous __-ons, you add an e before on so -eons
  

• commencer> nous commençons
• the c becomes ç, so -çons
  

3-1 The Present Tense Verb

Can be translated in a more then one way from French to English

ex

study
are studying
do study..

3-1 Use the Definite Article when...

To tell what some one loves, likes or hates/adorer, aimer, détester use the appropriate definite article infront of the noun/person, place or thing that is being described as liked or not

ex's;
J'aime mieux l'art. I prefer art

Marine déteste les devoirs. Marine hates homework

*To express something you like or dislike doing;

• after expressing the conjugated form of adorer, aimer and détester use the infinitive form of the verb/thing that you do not like or do like doing.
  

3-1 Regular -er Verbs

*Present Tense

the infinitive, is the verb as it its to___ =___-er, before it gets conjugated.

je __-e

tu __-es

il/elle __ -e

nous __-ons

vous __-ez

ils/elles __-ent


* je becomes j' when followed by a verb that starts with a vowel sound

Unité 2, Leçon 3

Unité 2, Leçon 3

-Academic life
-Laisons

-Trop de devoirs!
-The French university system

-Present tense of regular -er verbs
-Forming questions and expressing negation
-affirmative and declarative statements you've learned, now to learn questions and negation

2-2 Asking Someone's Nationality or Heritage

• Quelle est ta/votre nationalité? (informal or formal)...
  
• Tu es/Vous êtes de quelle origine?
  

• Quelle est votre nationalité? What is your nationality?
• Je suis de nationalité canadienne. I am of Canadian nationality.

• Tu es de quelle origine? What is your heritage?
  
• Je suis d'origine italienne. I am of Italian heritage.

2-2 Describing Nationality

• adjectives ending in -n
• you add -ne to it to make it fem. -v.- just an -e

• masc. adjectives (describing nationality) stay the same for the masc. plural form

• It does not have to be capitalized
  

2-2 Adjective Placement

• Placed after the noun/person, place or thing they modify/describe
• unless they follow the verb être

Ce sont des étudiantes brillantes. They're brilliant students.

Banarde est un homme agréable et poli. Barnard is a pleasant and polite man.

2-2 Adjectives

Adjectives

;words that describe people, places or things/nouns

In French; adjectives are usually used with the verb être (to be) to point out the qualities of nouns or pronouns

ex's;

-Le cours (noun) est (verb être) difficile (adjective). The course is difficult.

-Je (noun) suis (verb to be) optimiste (adjective). I am optimistic.

2-2 Adjectives Agree in gender and number

Feminize or Pluralize an Adjective;

To form most feminine adjectives add -e to the masculine form.

To pluralize a masc. or fem. ads -s

Where the adjective agrees with the gender and number of the subject


Henry est élégant. masc. singular. Henry is elegant.

Patricia est élégante. fem. singular

Henry and Jérôme sont élégants. masc. plural

Patricia and Marie sont élégantes. fem. plural

1-1 Indefinite Article

Indefinite Article a/an or some


un a/an (m.)

une a/an (f.)

des some (masc. or fem. plural)

*Il y a... there is/are... un.. a/an...

1-1 Pluralize a Noun

To Pluralize a noun;

• add an -s regardless of gender
• words that end in eau
• add -x
• nouns ending in -al
• drop -al
• ad aux

*remember to change the article in front of the noun to plural les or des to match the now pluralized noun.

*refer to a group of people, male and female, with a masc. plural noun

1-1 French Nouns

A Noun designates a person, place or thing

French Nouns;
-have number, Singular or Plural
and
-have gender, Masculine and Feminine

ex: le, les, la, les

*some nouns designate both fem. and masc.
ex: un professeur a (male or female) professor
une personne a (male or female) person

*nouns for objects can be designated either as masc. or fem.

2-1 On

On

The subject pronoun on
-refers to people in general. Such as one, they or you can in our language.
-can also mean we in a casual style
-takes the same verb form as il or elle

2-1 Subject Pronouns

Subject Pronouns;

replace the noun/person or thing that could previously been used as the subject in the sentence that had applied to the verb. *They replace the noun

we are now going to use I, you, he, she, it, we, you(form.) or pl., and they with the verbs. but to write them out separately; *these will be the bases of the different forms of verbs

je I

tu you

il he/it
elle she/it
on one

nous we

vous you

ils they (m.)
elles they (f.)

2-1 The subject of the sentence

The subject is the noun/person or thing that carries out the action
v.
the verb, which is/expresses the action itself

2-1 The Verb être

être to be

je suis i am

tu es you are

il/elle est he/she is
on est one is

nous sommes we are

vous êtes you are (from.) or you all are (p.)

ils/elles sont they are

*Vous êtes: you pronounce the s like a z.
*C'est or Ce sont that is or those are are connected with this verb.
-Identifies who or what someone or something is

`Except with proper names, *an article (ex: un, des/a,etc) must always precede a noun (person, place or thing)

*though remember when generalizing the now that was just mentioned use il/elle est or ils/elles sont it/he/or/she, those/or/they *I would believe

ex: Mary becomes she
-The library becomes it (*it is fem. or masc. depending on the gender of the noun)

Unité 1 Vocabulaire

In its vocabulary;
-Le campus
-Les personnes
-Les présentations
-Identifier
-Bonjour et au revoir
-Comment ça va?
-Expressions de politesse
-Numbers 0-60
-Subject Pronouns
-être
-Descriptive adjectives
-Adjectives of nationality

Unité 1, Leçon 2

Leçon 2 En Classe
-People and things around a classroom

-Silent letters
Final consonants ex: s, t, are usually silent
unaccented e or es is silent but the consonant before it is not
oranges, japonaises
Careful -c, r, f, l are usually pronounced at the end of the words

-Les copains
-French diversity
-The verb être
-Adjective agreement
-Synthèse

Unité 1, Leçon 1

Salut!

Ça va?
In this Leçon it teaches you;
-Greetings and good-byes
-Introductions and expressions of courtesy
-The French alphabet
-Au café
-Greetings and Manners
-Nouns and articles
-Numbers 0-60

1-1 Qu'est-ce que c'est?

Qu'est-ce que c'est? What is that?

C'est... It is...

Ce sont... They are...

*Talking about nouns and articles

1-1 Definite Article -The

la or l' feminine the

le or l' masculine the

les plural the

*With nouns: a person, place or thing

*The is a definite article because it specifies the object, and it is a specific opbject. Not just an object but the object. The object is definite, not vague...